考研英语二模拟真题及答案分享 考研初试

　　下面小编跟大家一起了解考研英语二模拟真题及答案分享，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。
　　Directions：
　　Read the followingtext. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. （10 points）
　　While westerngovernments worry over the threat of Ebola， a morepervasive but far less harm- ful 1 is spreading through their populations likea winter sniffle： mobile personal technology.
　　The similaritybetween disease organisms and personal devices is 2 . Viruses and other para-sites control larger organisms， 3 resources in order tomultiply and spread. Smartphones and other gadgets do the same thing， 4 ever-increasing amounts of human attention and electricity sup-plied 5 wire umbilici.
　　It is tempting to 6a“strategy”to both phages andphablets， neither of which is sentient. 7 ， the process is evolutionary， consisting ofmany random evolutions， 8 experimented with by manyproduct designers. This makes it all the more powerful.
　　Tech 9 occursthrough actively-learnt responses， or“operant conditioning”as animal behaviourists call it. The scientific parallel here also involves a rodent， typically a rat， which occupies a 10 cagecalled a Skinner Box. The animal is 11 with a food pellet for solving puzzlesand punished with an electric shock when it fails.
　　“Are we getting apositive boost of hormones when we 12 look at our phone， seeking re- wards？”asks David Shuker， an animal behaviourist at St Andrews university， sounding a little like a man withholding serious scientificendorsement 13 an idea that a journalist had in the shower. Re- search isneeded， he says. Tech tycoons would meanwhile 14 thatthe popularity of mobile devices is attributed to the brilliance of theirdesigns. This is precisely what people whose thought processes have been 15 byan invasive pseudo-organism would believe.
　　16 ， mobile technology causes symptoms less severe than physiologicaldiseases. There are even benefits to 17 sufferers for shortened attention spansand the caffeine overload triggered by visits to Starbucks for the free Wi-Fi.Most importantly， you can 18 the Financial Times inplaces as remote as Alaska or Sidcup. In this 19 ， amobile device is closer to a symbiotic organism than a parasite. This wouldmake it 20 to an intestinal bacterium that helps a person to stay alive， rather than a virus that may kill you.
　　SectionⅡReading Comprehension
　　Part A
　　Directions：
　　Read the followingfour texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWERSHEET. （40 points）
　　Text 1
　　Rarely have theChristmas results for Britain‘s supermarkets beenawaited with such anxiety. Most of them， especially themarket leader， Tesco， struggledin 2014. The hard-discount stores， Aldi and Lidl， continued to undercut them， gobbling upmarket share， while falling food prices ate into theirprofits.
　　Asda‘s boss， Andrew Clarke， has warned of more challenging times ahead. Yet the lesson fromthese results is clear. Grocers with a clearly defined position in the marketwill continue to prosper， but for those without onethere is more pain to come. Thus Waitrose， for instance， has remained res- olutely and distinctly posh. It has refused tochase the upstart discounters by reducing prices， asmid-market rivals have done.
　　Natalie Berg ofPlanet Retail， a research organization argues that thekey to survival in a fero- ciously competitive groceries market is to offer thecustomer a brand that is“clear，targeted and con- sistent.”Waitrose， at the top end of the market， does thiswell， as do Lidl and Aldi at the bottom. The rest arestranded in the middle， trying to be all things to allpeople. This week， for instance， As da， Sainsbury‘sand Tesco announced further price cuts. That might fend off the discounters fora bit. It will also muddy perceptions of who their target customers really are.
　　But it is not allgloom for the supermarkets. A more clement economic environment should help allof them. Tumbling fuel prices and—a novelty， this—rising real wages will put more moneyin shoppers‘pockets. The results also demonstrate thatsupermarkets are rewarded for a strong inter- net presence. Again， Waitrose has done well here： grocery salesthrough its online service grew by 26% over the Christmas period compared witha year ago. Most of the supermarkets are trying out new digital gizmos to makeshopping easier. Waitrose is experimenting with a home-scanning de- vice calledHiku. This will allow people to scan barcodes on Waitrose products at home toadd them to their online shopping basket.
　　There are groundsfor optimism even at Tesco， argues Bryan Roberts， an analyst at Kantar Re- tail. For a couple of years its stores inLondon have done better than those in the rest of the country. Store managersin the capital have enjoyed more autonomy to fill their shelves with productssuited to the people who live or work in the local area. Devolution seemssimple， but effective.
　　21. Which of thefollowing is NOT Aldi and Lidi have done to most of Britain‘s supermarkets？
　　[A] Undercut them.
　　[B] Ate into theirprofits.
　　[C] Gobbled up theirmarket share.
　　[D] Made their foodcosts increase.
　　22. The clear lessenin Paragraph 2 means grocers should _______ .
　　[A] chase theupstart discounters
　　[B] have targetmarket
　　[C] reduce prices
　　[D] havemiddle-market rivals
　　23. We can learnfrom Paragraph 3 that _______ .
　　[A] Asda is at thetop end of the market
　　[B] Lidi and Aldiare in the middle of the market
　　[C] Waitrose willmuddy its target customers
　　[D] Tesco isstranded in the middle of the market
　　24. The word“gizmos”（Para. 4）probably means _______ .
　　[A] technologies [B]means
　　[C] devices [D]products
　　25. It can beconcluded from the last paragraph that _______ .
　　[A] devolution is aneffective way to increase sales
　　[B] there is noreason for Tesco to be pessimistic
　　[C] Tesco shouldmerge its stores in the rest of the country
　　[D] Tesco‘s stores in London miss local trends
　　Text 2
　　For the past fewmonths， artificial intelligence （AI） has been a much talked about topic inthe worlds of both pop culture and science. Last November saw the release ofOscar-nominated and winning biopic，“The Imitation Game”， about the father of the modern computer，Alan Turing. Last month， another Hollywood film aboutclever robots， Chappie， hittheaters.
　　Is artificialintelligence a boon or does it spell doom for humans？In their book， authors Erik Brynjolfsson and AndrewMcAfee， both of whom hail from MIT， US， could barely hide their excite- menttoward the rise of machines.
　　According to theauthors， we are entering an age of accelerateddevelopment of artificial and robotic technology.“Digitalmachines have escaped their narrow confines and started to demonstrate broadabilities in pattern recognition， complex communication， and other domains that used to be exclusively human，”write the authors.“We‘ve recently seen great progress in natural language pro- cessing， machine learning， computer vision， simultaneous localization and mapping， andmany other areas.
　　“We‘re going to see artificial intelligence do more and more， and as this happens costs will go down，outcomes will improve， and our lives will get better.”Already AI can help blind people see and deaf people hear. Andwheelchairs have been invented that can be controlled by thoughts. We are goingto witness more innovations and wonders made possible by AI， according to the authors.

　　However， not all are equally enthusiastic about AI. A February report fromthe Global Chal- lenges Foundation listed AI， alongsideextreme climate change， nuclear war and ecologicalcatastro- phe， as“risks thatthreaten human civilization”。 Many preeminentscientists share the same concern. Stephen Hawking told the BBC last Decemberthat“the development of full artificial intelligencecould spell the end of the human race.”“It would takeoff on its own， and redesign itself at an everincreasing rate，”he said：“Humans， who are limited by slow biological evolution， couldn‘t compete，and would be replaced.”
　　Hawking‘s worry echoed that of Tesla and SpaceX boss Elon Musk， who said in last October at an MIT conference that“we should be very careful about artificial intelligence. If I had toguess at what our biggest existential threat is， it’s probably that”。
　　26. It can belearned from Paragraph 1 that“The Imitation Game”_______ .
　　[A] is a science fictionmovie
　　[B] is not aHollywood film
　　[C] wonOscar-nomination
　　[D] is about cleverrobots
　　27. Which is NOT theability of digital machines， according to ErikBrynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee？
　　[A] Natural languageprocessing. [B] Intelligence production.
　　[C] Fingerprintrecognition. [D] Simultaneous localization.
　　28. It cannot beinferred that artificial intelligence will _______ .
　　[A] complete morechores
　　[B] help cut downcosts
　　[C] help deaf peoplehear
　　[D] control people‘s thought
　　29. According toStephen Hawking， _______ .
　　[A] AI is one of therisks that threaten human civilization
　　[B] the developmentof AI cannot threaten human race
　　[C] AI might besubstituted for humans in the future
　　[D] AI wouldredesign itself at a slow rate
　　30. A suitable titlefor this text would be _______ .
　　[A] Bleak Future ofAI
　　[B] Digital Future： Uncertain
　　[C] Bright Future ofDigital Machines
　　[D] Doom for Humansin the Future
　　Text 3
　　In his“Odyssey”， Homer immortalized the idea of resistingtemptation by having the protago nist tied to the mast of his ship， to hear yet not succumb to the beautiful，dangerous songs of the Sirens. Researchers have long been intrigued as towhether this ability to avoid， or defer， gratifica- tion is related to outcomes in life. The best-known testis the“marshmallow”experiment， in which children who could refrain from eating the confection for15 minutes were given a second one. Chil- dren who could not wait tended tohave lower incomes and poorer health as adults. New research suggests that kidswho are unable to delay rewards are also more likely to become criminals later.
　　Recently， four researchers used data from a Swedish survey in which more than13，000 children aged 13 were asked whether they wouldprefer to receive $140 now or $1，400 in five years‘time. About four-fifths of them said they were prepared to wait.
　　Unlike previousresearchers， the authors were able to track all thechildren and account for their parental background and cognitive ability. Theyfound that the 13-year-olds who wanted the smaller sum of money at once were32% more likely to be convicted of a crime during the next 18 years than thosechildren who said they would rather wait for the bigger reward. Individuals whoare impatient， they believe，prefer instant benefits and are therefore less likely to be deterred bypotential punish- ments.
　　But those who fretthat a person‘s criminal path is set already as ateenager should not despair. The four researchers offer a remedy. When therespondents’education was included in the analysis， they found that higher educational attainment was linked to apreference for delayed gratification.
　　Educationalattainment and patience are related either because patience helps students todo better or because schooling makes people more likely to postpone rewards.Fortunately， there is evidence in support of the lattertheory. Francisco Perez-Arce of the RAND Corporation， athink-tank， interviewed around 2，000 applicants for Mexican universities. The students had similarcredentials but some obtained admission through a lottery to a university thatdid not charge tuition fees， where- as the rest had toapply elsewhere. As a result， a higher proportion oflottery-winners than losers went to college. After a year， Mr. Perez-Arce found， the lottery-winnerswere more patient than the losers. Since the process was random， he concluded that higher education can make people place moreweight on the future.
　　31. The“marshmallow”experiment is a test about_______.
　　[A] acceptingtemptation
　　[B] avoidingoutcomes
　　[C] deferringgratification
　　[D] eating theconfection
　　32. All of thefollowing make the new research differ from the previous ones EXCEPT _______ .
　　[A] the researcherstracked all the subjects
　　[B] the researcherssurveyed a much wider range of children
　　[C] the researchersexplained the children‘s parental background
　　[D] the researchersconsidered the parents‘cognitive ability
　　33. It is believedthat individuals who are impatient_______ .
　　[A] tend to getbenefits at once
　　[B] are able todelay rewards
　　[C] would ratherwait for the bigger reward
　　[D] are probablydeterred by potential punishments
　　34 . People who fretthat a person‘s criminal path is set already can takethe remedial action of _______ .
　　[A] keeping healthy
　　[B] attaining higherincomes
　　[C] receiving highereducation
　　[D] avoidingpunishments
　　35. It is concludedthat educational attainment and patience are related because_______ .
　　[A] patience helpsstudents to do better
　　[B] gratification isdelayed by receiving higher education
　　[C] schooling makespeople less likely to postpone rewards
　　[D] higher educationcan make people value the future more
　　Text 4
　　Ever since Muzakstarted serenading patrons of hotels and restaurants in the 1930s， piped-in music has been part of the consumer experience. Withoutthe throb of a synthesiser or a guitar‘s twang， shoppers would sense something missing as they tried on jeans orfilled up trolleys. Special- ists like Mood Media，which bought Muzak in 2011， devise audio programmes toinfluence the feel of shops and cater to customers’tastes.The idea is to entertain， and thereby prolong the timeshop- pers spend in stores， says Claude Nahon， the firm‘s international chief. Music byfamous artists works better than the generic stuff that people associate withMuzak. The embarrassing brand name was dropped in 2013.