雅思阅读中出现长难句怎么办呢

　　在雅思阅读中容易出现的问题就是对于长难句的理解，句子看不懂那就与高分无缘，所以攻破长难句可以说是做好阅读必备的技能，今天我们就来看一看该如何去分析长难句。
　　首先是长难句一般分为以下几种：
　　并列句
　　句子包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构，就是并列句，常见的并列连词有and, or 和but 。
　　倒装结构及其他
　　在英语当中，主语和谓语有两种顺序：一种和中文一致，即主语在前; 另外一种顺序是谓语在主语前面，即倒装。
　　阅读中一般会出现以not only 等否定连词和never, seldom rarely, hardly 等否定副词引导的倒装句。
　　理解倒装句，就要把它转换成普通语句，把倒装语序还原为自然语序，在自然语序下理解句子。
　　eg ：In a dispute, not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party, but they are in conflict.
　　eg ：An alien civilisation could choose many different ways of sending information across the galaxy, but many of these either require too much energy, or else are severely attenuated while traversing the vast distances across the galaxy.
　　各种从句
　　从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，可以分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。前面四类通称名词性从句，而定语从句功能相当于形容词，故称为形容词性从句; 状语从句功能相当于副词，则称为副词性从句。
　　eg ：Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not recognise it as a life form, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it
　　后置定语修饰成分多
　　eg ：A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a “leader” in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform.
　　加复杂修饰的简单句
　　eg ：At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids.
　　插入语结构
　　插入语一般是对句子的某个成分的解释或补充说明，前后有逗号与其他句子成分分开，比较容易识别。
　　eg ：The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering , on the advice of the World Health Organization, has established an international working party, which includes New Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation control for school rooms.
　　下面我们一起来分析下再遇到长难句应该怎么分析：
　　01.句子层次的思考
　　用括号匹配的方法变成若干简单句：平时练习的时候有意识的把可以识别出来的修饰和从句用括号扩起来。
　　对于每一个简单句来说，任何一个简单句可以变成基本句型和非主干成分。
　　02.倒装结构及其它
　　在英语当中，主语和谓语有两种顺序：一种和汉语一致，即主语在前;
　　另外一种顺序是谓语在主语前面，即倒装。
　　阅读中一般会出现以not等否定连词和never, seldom rarely, hardly等否定副词引导的倒装句。
　　理解倒装句，就要把它转换成普通语句，把倒装语序还原为自然语序，在自然语序下理解句子。
　　例：In a dispute, not 分析：该句中，not引导了倒装句，把其中的句子换成正常语序就是：the interests of one party do not coincide with those of the other party.
　　0 3.插入语结构
　　插入语一般是对句子的某个成分的解释或补充说明，前后有逗号与其他句子成分分开，比较容易识别。
　　处理插入语的基本办法是先略去不读，直接跳过两个逗号之间的内容，使插入语结构前后意思顺畅。
　　例：The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering control for school rooms.
　　分析：这句话的主语很长The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering ，谓语是has established ，
　　宾语是an international working party ，on the advice of… 是插入语，which 引导非性定语从句修饰an international working party 。
　　04.后置定语修饰成分多
　　例：A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a “leader” in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform.
　　这个句子看上起非常复杂，但其实就是一个简单的主谓宾加一个定语从句的结构。
　　主句为：Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects
　　…from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a “leader” in a situation… 只是对subjects 的一个后置修饰，其中出现了一些层层套嵌的后置修饰。后在situation 的后面又加了一个定语从句。
　　05.非主干成分
　　如果是定语，前置理解如果是同位语或插入语，除如果是状语，隔离看主句
　　eg1：At various points in evolutionary history,enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids.
　　这句话的结构是简单的主谓宾：主语是individuals，谓语是 moved out，宾语是 the land, the most parched deserts。其中添加了一些状语，一些修饰语，还有伴随状语等等，使整个句子看上去非常复杂。

　　eg2：An alien civilization could choose many different ways of sending information across the galaxy, but many of these either require too much energy, or else are severely attenuated while traversing the vast distances across the galaxy.
　　并列句简单的方法就是将句子从并列连词处断开，将并列句变成两个或若干个相对短的句子，然后再用处理简单句的方法——抓句子主干，来依次处理每个相对短的句子。
　　这个复合句可以从but处将句子分成两个相对较短的句子：but前面是一个简单句;but后面的句子有一个由while引导的时间状语从句。
　　例3：Second, we make a very conservative assumption （that we are looking for a life form） （that is pretty well like us）, since if it differs radically from us （we may well not recognize it as a life form）, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it.
　　分析：这句话的主干是we make a very conservative assumption that…that…since if…whether…
　　一个That引导的从句作assumption的同位语，第二个that引导定语从句修饰a life form，since引导时间状语从句，if引导条件状语从句。
　　其实不管长难句是什么类型我们只要把握“先主干，再从句，后修饰成分”顺序来拆分句子，牢牢抓住主谓结构，即可明白阅读长难句。