19年考研英语阅读翻译 考研学习

　　今天小编给大家带来往年考研英语阅读翻译，希望对大家有所帮助。
2008 Text 1While still catching-up to men in somespheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirablecategory. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression andanxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda,chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.尽管女性在现代生活的某些领域仍在追赶男性，但她们似乎在至少一个不受欢迎的领域遥遥领*。纽约退伍军人管理医院的首席精神病学家耶胡达博士说，与男性相比，女性在面对压力时更容易患上抑郁症和焦虑症。
　　Studies of both animals and humans have shownthat sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females understress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the sameconditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had theirovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responsesbecame equal to those of the males.对动物和人类的研究都表明，性激素以某种方式影响应激反应，导致处于压力下的女性比处于相同条件下的男性产生更多的触发化学物质。在一些研究中，当压力过大的雌性老鼠的卵巢(雌性生殖器官)被切除后，它们的化学反应变得与雄性老鼠相同。
　　Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stresschemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarilythat women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to copewith,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even begreater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so manymore things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”除了增加女性承受压力的化学物质的剂量外，还增加了她承受压力的机会。并不是说女性不善于应对。耶胡达博士说，只是他们还有很多事情要处理。她说，女性承受压力的能力甚至可能比男性更强，只是她们要处理的事情太多，很快就会明显感到厌倦。
　　Dr. Yehuda notes another difference betweenthe sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend tobe in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed tocombat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. Thekinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be indomestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, andthey tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from theselonger relationships can be quite devastating.”耶胡达博士指出了另一个性别差异。我认为女性接触到的这些东西往往是慢性的或重复的。男人参加战争，承受着战斗的压力。男性暴露在更多随机的身体暴力行为中。不幸的是，女性接触到的人际暴力往往发生在家庭环境中，由父母或其他家庭成员实施，而且往往不是一次性的。来自这些长期关系的磨损可能是毁灭性的。
　　Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birthto a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get thecollege degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, togo to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and shebecame a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager,have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived frompaycheck to paycheck.”阿德琳·阿尔瓦雷斯18岁结婚，生了一个儿子，但她决心完成大学学业。为了拿到大学学位，我费了很大的劲。我生活在如此多的挫折中，这是我的逃避，去上学，进步，做得更好。后来，她的婚姻结束了，她成了一个单身母亲。照顾一个十几岁的孩子，找份工作，付房租，买车，还债，这些都是困难的事情。我过着从薪水到薪水的生活。
　　Not everyone experiences the kinds of severechronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lotof obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experiencedemonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before itthreatens your health and your ability to function.并非每个人都经历过阿尔瓦雷斯描述的那种严重的慢性压力。但今天的大多数女性都要承担大量的义务，几乎没有休息时间，并感到压力。阿尔瓦雷斯的经历表明，在压力威胁到你的健康和工作能力之前，找到分散压力的方法是很重要的。
　　2008 Text 2It used to be so straightforward. A team ofresearchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results oftheir research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper forpublication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, andresearchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to thejournal.它曾经是如此简单明了。一组在实验室合作的研究人员将把他们的研究结果发表在杂志上。然后，期刊编辑将从论文中除作者姓名和所属机构，并将其发送给同行审阅。根据收到的评论，编辑将接受这篇论文发表或拒绝它。版权掌握在期刊出版商手中，想要了解研究结果的研究人员必须订阅期刊。
　　No longer. The Internet – and pressure fromfunding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are makingmoney from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is makingaccess to scientific results a reality. The Organization for EconomicCo-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing thefar-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria Universityin Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, sofar, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a changein what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.互联网和资助机构的压力——它们质疑为什么商业出版商通过对资助的研究的访问而从资助的研究中赚钱——正在使获取科学成果成为现实。经济合作与发展组织(OECD)刚刚发布了一份报告，描述了这种情况的深远影响。这份由澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰?霍顿和经合组织的格雷厄姆?维克里共同撰写的报告，为出版商带来了大量的阅读机会。迄今为止，出版商的利润相当可观。但它不止于此。它标志着迄今为止一直是科学努力的一个关键因素的变化。
　　The value of knowledge and the return on thepublic investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution andready access. It is big business. In America , the core scientificpublishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. TheInternational Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers saysthat there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in thesesubjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000journals.知识的价值和公共研究投资的回报在一定程度上取决于广泛的传播和现成的获取途径。这是一桩大买卖。在美国，核心的科学出版市场估计在70亿到110亿美元之间。国际科学、技术和医学出版商协会(International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers)表示，全球有2000多家出版商专门从事这些学科。他们每年在1.6万份期刊上发表超过120万篇文章。
　　This is now changing. According to the OECDreport, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new businessmodels are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for accessto a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (orhis employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there areopen-access archives, where organizations such as universities or internationallaboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that arehybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow onlysubscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freelyavailable to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change thetraditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication ofpapers.这种情况现在正在改变。根据经合组织的报告，大约75%的学术期刊现在都是在线的。全新的商业模式正在涌现;报告作者指出了三个主要问题。一种是所谓的“大交易”(big deal)，即机构订阅者通过网站授权协议，付费获得一系列在线期刊的版权。一种是开放获取出版，通常要求作者(或他的雇主)为论文的出版付费。之后，还有开放获取的档案，由大学或国际实验室等组织支持机构存储库。其他的模式则是这三种模式的混合，比如延迟开放获取，期刊在前六个月只允许订阅者阅读一篇论文，然后将其免费提供给所有想看的人。所有这些都可能改变同行评审过程的传统形式，至少对于论文的发表来说是这样。