考研英语之同行评议 考研备考

　　考研英语。2019考研大势已去，2020考研已经近在眼前了。不知道各位考研党们现在是否已经制定好了适合自己的复习备考计划。下面小编对考研英语之同行评议做了总结，希望能帮到即将考研的各位考研党们，下面一起来看看吧~
　　题图 : Pixabay
　　Let's begin
　　It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers (working together in the laboratory) would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names andaffiliationsfrom the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication ordeclineit. Copyrightrested withthe journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have tosubscribeto the journal.
　　affiliation: one group or organization's official connection with another.
　　affliction: pain and suffering or sth that causes it.
　　decline: to refuse politely to accept or to do sth.
　　rest with: 在于 取决于
　　subscribe: sorry, the subscriber you dialed is powered off, please redial latter.
　　之前，这事很简单---在实验室里一起工作的研究员们会把他们的研究成果提交给期刊。而那个期刊编辑就会抹去论文上作者的名字和单位，然后寄给这些研究员的同行们进行评议。然后，又根据收到的评论和意见，编辑会选择是否发表这篇论文。而版权归期刊出版商，其他研究员要想看研究成果就必须订阅这个期刊。
　　No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money fromgovernment–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]has just issued a report (describing thefar-reachingconsequences of this). The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,makes heavy reading for publishers(who have, so far, made handsome profits). But it goes further than that. It signals thata change in what /has, until now, been a key element of scientificendeavor.)
　　sth. make heavy reading for sbxxx 让人读起来很沉重。
　　endeavor: to try very hard to do sth.
　　现在，不再这样了。互联网使获得这些科学研究成果成为现实。同时也有来自资助机构的压力，他们对为什么商业出版商要通过访问资助的研究来挣钱产生疑问。同样，经济合作与发展组织发表了一个报道来描述这带来的深远影响。澳大利亚的维多利亚大学JH和经合组织GV发表这篇报道让那些挣了很多钱的出版商读起来不是滋味。但远远不止如此，这意味着迄今为止科学发展中的一个重大改变。
　　The value of knowledge and the return (on the public investment in research)depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, thecorescientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year insome16,000 journals.
　　这些知识的价值和科研领域的公共投资回报，部分取决于广泛的发布(或，运用的范围)和便捷的获取、访问。这是一个大生意。在美国，科学出版的核心市场大概价值达到700亿到1100亿美元。国际科学、技术协会和医学出版商说道：“全球有超过2000家出版商会专门出版这些科研成果。”他们每年在大约1.6万份期刊上发表超过120万篇文章。
　　This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely newbusinessmodelsare emerging; three mainoneswere identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, (typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published). Finally, there are open-accessarchives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutionalrepositories. Other models (exist / that) arehybridsof these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone (who wishes to see it). All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.
　　big deal : 大事
　　cut a deal : 达成协议
　　raw deal : 不公平待遇
　　archive: a collection of historical documents or records of a government, a family, a place or an organization.
　　repository: a place where sth is stored in large quantities.
　　hybrid: that is the product of mixing two or more different things.

　　现在正发生着改变。根据OECD的报道，大约有75%的学术型期刊在网上可以找到。全新的商业模式正在出现。报道的作者总结了3种主要的模式。有所谓的大订单模式，机构的订阅用户通过网络许可协议，支付后就可以访问网络在线期刊标题。还有开放式出版模式，典型的就是要求作者或者他的老板付钱出版。之后，有开放式档案模式，像如大学或者国际性实验室一样的组织支持的机构数据库。另一些现有的模式是这三种的混合。比如延时、推迟开放，那样期刊在免费给想阅读论文的人之前，在头六个月只允许订阅者阅读论文。所有这些将会改变同行评议的传统形式，至少对于论文出版来说是这样。