攻克雅思阅读长难句分析

　　雅思学术类阅读一个小时3篇文章，文本长度在2800-3500字之间。虽然雅思考生总体阅读平均成绩已经攀升到6.15分，引领4项分数。然而如果想突破7分，一个必须攻克的障碍就是如何在压力阅读之下迅速抓住句子的很重要传输的内容。
　　首先大家来“对号入座”，看看你阅读中有没有下列的问题：
　　雅思阅读长难句归类
　　一、加复杂修饰的简单句
　　例：At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched(炎热的，干旱的) deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular(细胞的) fluids. (剑9 Test 1 Passage 3)
　　二、并列句
　　如果句子包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构，就是并列句。并列句中的分句通常用一个并列连词来连接，比较常见的并列连词有and, or 和but。
　　例：An alien civilisation could choose many different ways of sending information across the galaxy(星系), but many of these either require too much energy, or else are severely attenuated (衰减的)while traversing the vast distances across the galaxy.(剑9 Test 1 Passage 2)
　　三、各种从句
　　从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。从句可以分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。前四类从句在句子的功用相当于名词，所以通称名词性从句;定语从句功能相当于形容词，称为形容词性从句;而状语从句功能相当于副词，称为副词性从句。
　　例：Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not recognise it as a life form, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it. (剑9 Test 1 Passage 2)
　　四、插入语结构
　　插入语一般是对句子的某个成分的解释或补充说明，前后有逗号与其他句子成分分开，比较容易识别。
　　例：The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (l-INCE), on the advice of the World Health Organization, has established an international working party, which includes New Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation(混响，反射) control for school rooms. (剑9 Test 2 Passage 1)
　　五、后置定语修饰成分多
　　例：A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a “leader” in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform. (5A0102)
　　六、倒装结构及其他
　　在英语当中，主语和谓语有两种顺序：一种和汉语一致，即主语在前;另外一种顺序是谓语在主语前面，即倒装。阅读中一般会出现以not only等否定连词和never, seldom rarely, hardly等否定副词引导的倒装句。理解倒装句，就要把它转换成普通语句，把倒装语序还原为自然语序，在自然语序下理解句子。
　　例：In a dispute, not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party, but they are in conflict.
　　如何解决长难句呢？
　　---要有意识地分析每个句子的主干结构：
　　比如“洁白可爱的小绵羊蹦蹦跳跳欢快活泼地在一望无垠的广阔草原上幸福愉快地吃着鲜嫩碧绿的青草”。
　　这个句子基本可以浓缩为：小绵羊在吃草。
　　层次化的思想
　　1. 用括号匹配的方法变成若干简单句的集合；
　　平时练习的时候有意识的把可以识别出来的修饰和从句用括号扩起来；
　　2. 对于每一个简单句来说，任何一个简单句可以变成基本句型和非主干成分。前者可以直接转
　　换成为中文。
　　非主干成分
　　如果是定语，前置理解；
　　如果是同位语或插入语，除；
　　如果是状语，隔离看主句。
　　好了有同学会说天呐，我已经多年不学语法了，这些都是什么东东？好，老师给大家用很简化的，接地气的层面给大家一些快速的略读技巧七招。
　　1. 名词之后的多层介词短语修饰暂时搁置（如果只有一层看了也不不影响）
　　2. 名词之后的that 、which 暂时不看
　　3. 动词之后的that直接读后面 e.g. sb found that…
　　4. 双逗号，破折号之间的内容暂时不看
　　5. 明显的地点、时间状语不看
　　6. 对于人，机构，物品的背景描述都不看
　　7. 对比转折读后一半
　　例1:
　　At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched(炎热的，干旱的) deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular(细胞的) fluids.
　　分析：这句话的结构很简单，就是主谓宾：主语是individuals，谓语是 moved out，宾语是 the land, the most parched deserts。但是由于添加了一些状语，一些修饰语，例如within介词短语修饰individuals，taking短语做伴随状语，使整个句子看起来结构复杂。
　　例2:
　　An alien civilization could choose many different ways of sending information across the galaxy(星系),butmany of these either require too much energy, or else are severely attenuated (衰减的)while traversing the vast distances across the galaxy.
　　并列句简单的方法就是将句子从并列连词处断开，将并列句变成两个或若干个相对短的句子，然后再用处理简单句的方法——抓句子主干，来依次处理每个相对短的句子。这个复合句可以从but处将句子分成两个相对较短的句子：but前面是一个简单句;but后面的句子有一个由while引导的时间状语从句。
　　例3：Second, we make a very conservative assumption （that we are looking for a life form） （that is pretty well like us）, since if it differs radically from us （we may well not recognize it as a life form）, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it.
　　分析：这句话的主干是we make a very conservative assumption that…that…since if…whether…。一、个That引导的从句作assumption的同位语，第二个that引导定语从句修饰a life form，since引导时间状语从句，if引导条件状语从句。
　　四、插入语结构
　　插入语一般是对句子的某个成分的解释或补充说明，前后有逗号与其他句子成分分开，比较容易识别。处理插入语的基本办法是先略去不读，直接跳过两个逗号之间的内容，使插入语结构前后意思顺畅。
　　例：The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (l-INCE), on the advice of the World Health Organization, has established an international working party, which includes New Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation(混响，反射) control for school rooms. (剑9 Test 2 Passage 1)
　　分析：这句话的主语很长The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (l-INCE)，谓语是has established，宾语是an international working party，on the advice of…是插入语，which引导非性定语从句修饰an international working party。

　　五后置定语修饰成分多
　　例：A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a “leader” in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform. (5A0102)
　　这个句子猛的一看让让人发懵，其实就是一个简单的主谓宾加一个定语从句的结构
　　主句为：Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects
　　…from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a “leader” in a situation…只是对subjects的一个后置修饰， 其中出现了一些层层套嵌的后置修饰。之后在situation的后面又加了一个定语从句。
　　六，倒装结构及其他
　　在英语当中，主语和谓语有两种顺序：一种和汉语一致，即主语在前;另外一种顺序是谓语在主语前面，即倒装。阅读中一般会出现以not only等否定连词和never, seldom rarely, hardly等否定副词引导的倒装句。理解倒装句，就要把它转换成普通语句，把倒装语序还原为自然语序，在自然语序下理解句子。
　　例：In a dispute, not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party, but they are in conflict.
　　分析：该句中，not only...but also...引导了倒装句，把其中的句子换成正常语序就是：the interests of one party do not coincide with those of the other party.
　　其实不管句子是什么类型我们只要把握“先主干，再从句，之后修饰成分”顺序来拆分句子，把自己变为天龙八部中的“扫地僧”以不变应万变，牢牢抓住主谓结构，即可读懂雅思长难句。