托福听力历史类话题的四个关键要素

　　托福听力历史类话题如何把握，托福听力文章种类众多，其中涉及历史类的话题让许多同学觉得头疼，这是因为很多人对历史都没什么了解和兴趣，对这类话题缺乏基本认识。为了帮助大家更为顺利地解题，下面小编就为考生盘点托福听力历史类话题的4大关键要素，让考生迅速听出重点解决难题。
　　历史类话题关键要素一：主题关键词
　　主题关键词总是会出现和发展、起源或者历史相关的词汇(e.g develpoment, change, origin, historical)，举例来说：
　　Professor: And what instrument comes to mind when you think of rock ‘n' roll?
　　Student: The electric Guitar?
　　Professor: Exactly. I think it's fair to say that the sound of the electric guitar typifies the rock ‘n’ roll genre,which became popular in the 1950s. But really the instrument we know today was the result of a continuing development that started for our practical purposes in the 1920s. But long before that even,people wereexperimenting with ways to modify traditionalacousticguitars.
　　注意到文章开头做了两件事情：一. 提出话题“ Electrical Guitar”; 二. 提出了历史类文章要素, 教授说到电吉他是一个“the result of a continuing development” 而且人们很早之前就开始“ modify acoustic guitar”，自然而然我们就能推测文章是要讲电吉他是如何发展起来的。
　　历史类话题关键要素二：影响
　　所谓影响，其中包括话题的发展;发展过程中所受到的影响;其所产生的影响;具体的影响是什么，怎么影响的。来看下例：
　　The first guitars were wooden. This is the Spanish guitar and the strings were made from animal products. Then came steel strings. And that led to the lap guitar,which is also called the steel guitar because the player slides a steel rod up and down the neck. And those are all acoustic guitars. OK?
　　But then eventually we have electric guitars. Over the years,many inventors and musicians contributed to the design of these instruments. And each design was intended toalterthe sound in some way,at first at least with the electric guitar,to make it louder.
　　很明显的，教授接下来就开始讲到吉他的发展过程，一、种吉他，wooden aka spanish guitar;接着steel guitar;lap guitar;然后有了electric guitar。而且重点说到“ 很多的发明者和音乐家对这种乐器的设计做出了贡献，而且每次的修改的目的就是为了改变电吉他的声音，也就是要素中提到的对话题的影响。
　　历史类话题关键要素三：时间
　　历史类话题的第三个关键要素是时间。当然，大家可能会注意到，下面例子提到的具体的时间点貌似只有两个1890s 和1920s。但是总的来讲，历史类的文章，时间顺序是一件非常关键的事情，因为在讲到某个事物的发展总是会从前往后说，提醒一点的是，时间本身不重要，只要搞明白谁前谁后即可。
　　So let's get back to when the steel guitar was first introduced in the United States. It was right after the Spanish-American war in the late 1890s. US sailors who were stationed in Hawaii—then a US territory—were very enamored with the music they heard there. Uh,Hawaiian music was based on the steel guitar I just described. Some sailors learned how to play the steel guitar and brought it home to the States. Before long,Hawaiian steel guitar music was all the rage in the mainland US. It actually had a strong influence on the development of several musical genres,rock ‘n' roll most notably,but also jazz and blues.
　　Anyway,by the 1920s,with the advent of the public dance movement,people were gathering in large groups to listen to steel guitar music. But they had trouble hearing it,especially in large public settings. As I mentioned,the instrument was played horizontally,on the lap. Since the strings faced upward,the sound was projected toward the ceiling rather than outward toward the audience. Something had to be done,because the music venues and the audience kept getting larger and larger.

　　历史类话题关键要素四：话题特点&要素五：任务
　　在时间要素之后出现的就是要素四：话题的特点以及时有时无的要素五：人物，一般这两点都是融合在一起的。
　　Electrified guitars already existed by the time Les Paul came into the picture around 1940. What Paul did was experiment with ways of removing the distortions and he succeeded. He designed a guitar with a solid body that relied solely on electronics. Paul's solid body eliminated the vibrations,and thus the distortions.
　　此处教授讲到Les Paul此人对于电吉他的修改，使得电吉他有了一个”solid body” ， 减少了声音失真的状况。
　　尤其要注意，如果一篇文章出现了好几个人和一个事物的好几个特点的时候，一定要警觉起来，区分清楚哪个特点，属于哪个人物，这通常都是要出难题的前兆。
　
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