雅思阅读机经分享

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　　As a title for a supposedly unprejudiced debate on scientific progress， “Panic attack: interrogating（质疑，审问） our obsession（痴迷） with risk “did not bode well.
　　针对科学发展的辩论本不应该存有偏见，因此，以“恐惧袭击:质疑我们对风险的迷恋”为题并不是一个好的预兆。
　　Held last week at the Royal Institution in London， the event brought together scientists from across the world to ask why society is so obsessed with risk and to call for a“more rational "approach.
　　上周在敦英国科学研究所举行的辩论会汇集了全世界诸多科学家，来质问为什么我们的社会如此迷恋风险，同时呼吁更多的理性。
　　We seem to be organising societety around the grandmotherly maxim（箴言） of ‘better safe than sorry，exclaimed Spiked， the online publication that organised the event. “What are the consequences of this overbearing concern with risks？
　　“我们似乎是依据‘宁可无功，但求无过’这句古老格言来建设社会的，”组织此次辩论的在线出版物《 Spiked》如是宣称，“如此关注风险，其后果又会是什么呢？”
　　B
　　The debate was preceded by a survey of 40 scientists who were invited to describe how awful our lives would be if the“precautionary principle“had been allowed to prevail in the past.
　　在此次辩论之前有一项调査，40位科学家受邀来描述如果“风险预防原则”在过去就流行了，那么我们今天的生活会多么糟糕。
　　Their response was: no heart surgery orantibiotics， and hardly any drugs at all; noaeroplanes， bicycles or high-voltage powergrids; no pasteurisation（巴氏消毒）， pesticides or biotechnology; no quantum (量子) mechanicsno wheel; no“discovery of America. in short， their message was: no risk， no gain。
　　他们的回答包括:心脏手术或抗生素将不会存在，也不会有任何医药;没有飞机、自行车或者高压电网;没有巴氏杀菌法、杀虫剂或生物技术;没有量子力学;没有车轮也不会发现美洲大陆。简而言之，他们的意思就是:没有风险，就没有收获。
　　C
　　They have absolutely missed the point. The precautionary principle is a subtlel deaIt has various forms， but all of them generally include some notion of cost-effectiveness.
　　其实他们都遗漏了一点。风险预防原则实际上是一个微妙的概念。它形式多样，但基本上都含有成本效益的观点。
　　Thus the point is not simply to ban things that are not known to be absolutely safe. Rather， it says: Of course you can make no progress without risk. But if there is no obvious gain from taking the risk， then don't take it.
　　也就是说，这并不是简简单单地禁止那些不一定安全或保险的事物。相反，它的意思是“当然，没有冒险就不会有进步。但是，如果这个冒险并不会带来明显的收益，那就不要冒这个险。”
　　D
　　Clearly， all the technologies listed by the 40 well-chosen savants were innately risky at their inception， as all technologies are. But all of them would have received the green light under the precautionary principle because they all had the potential to offer tremendous benefits-the solutions to very big problemsif only the snags (障碍) could be overcome
　　显然，这40位精心挑选的学者所列出来的所有科技，正如其他所有的科技样，在初始阶段时，本质上都是充满风险的。但是风险预防原则却会对它们打开绿灯，因为如果一些小障碍能被克服的话，它们都有为人类提供巨大好处，即提供难题的解决方案的潜力
　　显然，这40位精心挑选的学者所列出来的所有科技，正如其他所有的科技样，在初始阶段时，本质上都是充满风险的。但是风险预防原则却会对它们打开绿灯，因为如果一些小障碍能被克服的话，它们都有为人类提供巨大好处，即提供难题的解决方案的潜力
　　E
　　If the precautionary principle had been in place， the scientists tell us， we would not have antibiotics. But of course we would- if the version of the principle that sensible people now understand had been applied.
　　一些科学家告诉我们，如果风险预测原则一开始就存在的话，那我们今天就不会有抗生素了。但是，如果这个措施在明智的、能够真正明白其中原理的人手里使用的话，我们当然还是会有抗生素的。
　　When penicillin was discovered in the 1920s， infective bacteria were laying waste to the world. Children died from diphtheria and whooping cough， every open drain brought the threat of typhoid， and any wound could lead to septicaemia and even gangrene.
　　当青霉素在20世纪20年代被发现时，感染性细菌正在侵蚀世界。大量孩童死于白喉和百日咳，每个露天的污水管道都会带来伤寒的危险，任何伤口都可能会导致败血病，甚至坏疽。
　　F
　　Penicillin was turned into a practical drug during the Second World War， when the many pestilences that result from war threatened to killmore people than the bombs. Of course antibiotics were a priority. Of course the risks， such as they could be perceived， were worth taking
　　正当战争带来的诸多瘟疫可能会导致超出战争本身的伤亡时，青霉素在第二次世界大战期间被制成了临床药物。当然，在那个时候，抗生素是————重要的，与之相比，抗生素可能会导致的风险后果就不值一提了。
　　G
　　And so with the other items on the scientists‘ list: electric light bulbs， blood transfusions， CAT scans， knives， the measles vaccine -the precautionary principle would have prevented all of them， they tell us.
　　科学家所列出来的其他发明乜是如此:电灯泡、输血、CAT扫描、刀具、麻疹疫苗那些科学家告诉我们，风险预防原则的存在完全可能阻止这些事物的诞生。
　　But this is just plain wrong. If the precautionary pirinciple had been applied properly， all the secreations would have passed muster， because all offered incomparable advantages compared to the risks perceived at the time
　　但是，这明显是错误的。如果合理运用了风险预防原则，那这些发明都将通过检验，因为，与可能产生的风险相比，它们都能提供难以比拟的好处。
　　H
　　Another issue is at stake here. Statistics are not the only concept people use when weighing up risk. Human beings, subtle and evolved creatures that we are do not survive to three-score years and ten simply by thinking like pocket calculators.
　　另外还有一个关键性的问题。统计数据并不是人们在衡量风险时所**考虑的方面。作为微妙、进化的生物，人类能活70年并不是因为能像便携计算器一样思考。
　　A crucial issue is concumer's choice In deciding whether to pursue the development of a new technology， the consumer's right to choose should be considered alongside considerations of risk and benefit.
　　一个关键的问题在于消费者的选择。在决定是否追求一个新技术的发展时，除了考虑风险和收益外，还应该考虑消费者的选择。
　　Clearly， sking is more dangerous than genetically modified tomatoes. But people who ski choose to do so; they do not have skiing thrust upon them by portentous experts of the kind who now feel they have the right to reconstruct our crops. Even with skiing there is the matter of cost effectiveness to consider: skiing. I am told. is exhilarating. Where is the exhilaration in GM soya？
　　显然，滑雪要比转基因番茄更加危险。但是选择滑雪的人却自愿这么做;他们并不受现在那些自命不凡的、认为有权改造我们农作物的专家的强迫。当然，甚至对于滑雪，我们也考虑了成本效益:滑雪，有人告诉我，是能使人感到振奋的。可是，转基因大豆能带来的愉悦又在哪儿呢？
　　I
　　Indeed， in contrast to all the other items on Spiked s list， GM crops stand out as an example of a technology whose benefits are far from clear. Some of the risk scan at least be defined.

　　和《 Spiked》上列出的其他所有项目相比，转基因作物确实不是一个对人类有明显好处的科技案例。它其中的一些风险至少可以被明确认定。
　　But in the present economic climate， the benefits that might accrue from them seem dubious(可疑的). Promoters of GM crops believe that the future population of the world can not be fed without them. That is untrue.
　　然而，在目前的经济环境下，它可能产生的好处却令人怀疑。提倡转基因作物的人相信，如果没有转基因食品，未来的人类将面临食物不足的危机。这种说法并不准确。
　　The crops that really matter are wheat and rice， and there is no GM research in the pipeline that will seriously affect the yield of either. GM is used to make production cheaper and hence more profitable， which is an extremely questionable ambition.
　　对人类来说真正重要的作物是小麦和水稻，但是我们没有进行任何会严重影响这两种作物产量的转基因研究。其实，转基因研究的主要目的是使生产成本更加低廉，从而实现生产利润更大化，当然，这一动机是非常值得质疑的。
　　J
　　The precautionary principle provides the world with a very important safe guard. If it had been in place in the past it might， for example， have prevented insouciant miners from polluting major rivers with mercury.
　　风险预防原则可以为整个世界提供一个安全的保障。举个例子来说吧，如果人类在过去就正确地运用了该原则的话，我们就可以避免由于漫不经心的采矿者而造成的对主要河流的汞污染。
　　We have come to a sorry pass when scientists， who should above all be dispassionate scholars， feel they should misrepresent such a principle for thee purposes of commercial and political propaganda.
　　令人遗憾的是，本应客观冷静的科学家们却因为商业和政治宣传的需要而曲解了这样一个原则。
　　People at large continue to mistrust science and the high technologies it produces partly because they doubt the wisdom of scientists. On such evidence as this. these doubts are fully justified.
　　大部分人仍旧怀疑科学和它所创造的高科技，部分是因为他们质疑这些科学家的智慧。基于以上的证据，这些怀疑是完全有理得。