考研英语(一)翻译真题讲解分享

　　下面小编跟大家一起了解考研英语(一)翻译真题讲解分享，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。
　　Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.
　　从亚里士多德时代以来，对普遍法则的探求一直是科学事业的特点。从某些方面来说，这种对共性的追求定义了科学的涵义。牛顿的运动定律和达尔文的进化论都分别将多种不同的现象纳入一个的阐释框架。
　　(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything-a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.

　　(46) 在物理学领域，一种做法把这种寻求大同理论的冲动推向极端，试图寻找一个包含一切的理论一个涵盖我们所看到的一切的生成性公式。然而,考虑到这样的理论可能涉及的维度和领域，它是否真的是一种简化就变得越来越不明确了。尽管如此，诸如此类的大同理论仍是一个主要目标。
　　This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.
　　长久以来，自然科学中的这种趋势在社会科学中也一直很明显。(47) 对此,达尔文学说似乎提供了理由，因为如果所有的人类均有共同的起源，那么认为文化的多样性也可以追溯到更为有限的起源的假设似乎就是合理的。正如纷繁多样的人类示爱仪式都可以被认为是性选择的形式一样，全世界的语言、音乐、社会风俗和宗教风俗，乃至历史可能都受普遍性制约。(48)从共性中筛除个性，这可能会让我们了解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，以及从进化或认知的角度理解是什么引导它的走向。
　　That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.
　　至少，那是一种希望。但是，今天在网上发表的一项关于语言特征的比较研究提供了一次核查现实的机会。奥克兰大学的罗素·格雷和他的同事们在先前两次发现语言普遍性的尝试的基础上研究语法的演化。
　　The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.
　　在这些寻找语言普遍性的努力中,著名的一次由诺姆·乔姆斯基作出。他提出，人类生而具有一种先天的解读某种普遍语法的语言习得能力。少量的生成规则就足以展现整个语言的基本结构，这就是儿童可以很快学会语言的原因。
　　(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
　　(49)第二次努力由乔舒亚·格林伯格作出——采用更为经验的方法来研究普遍性，确定了多种语言所共有的特性(特别是语序方面的特性)，而这些特性则被认为代表了因人类的认知局限而产生的倾向。
　　Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.