托福写作必备15组结构词 托福备考

　　同学们肯定也都知道，托福独立写作是需要30分钟内写300字以上，除去审题想思路和之后修改的时间，真正写作的时间，一般来说不会超过25分钟。在这么短的时间内，想要写出一篇合格甚至优秀的文章，提前的准备必不可少。
　　在大量的练习过程中，同学们应该发现了，尽管独立写作的话题涵盖很广，教育类、家庭类、类、工作类、环境类、艺术类等等，但因为都是议论文，大多都是论证一个观点，或者对比一个观点，因而即使是不同话题，也有很多可以通用的表达。
　　而这些表达就是在备考练习时，我们应该尽量抓住积累，通过反复练习，达到熟练应用的法宝。即使处在考场的紧张环境下，也能信手拈来，合理取用，为紧张的考试节省出宝贵的时间。 接下来和同学们分享一些常用的通用表达。这些表达根据在文章的作用进行了分类，每个类别下大概有5-10个词组或单词(颜色标注的是平时在批改作文中，同学们用得较少的表达)。
　　一、 引出原因 There are different reasons why… There are several explanations for… There are many positive/negative reasons for… There are some/more/fewer benefits/ disadvantages to… 例：There are some benefits to raising children in the countryside.
　　二、 给出观点 I believe… Personally … I’d enjoy… I would prefer… It seems to me… I’d like to explain why…
　　三、 设立条件 If… Even if… If I could… Whether (or not) … … may/might… … can be…
　　四、 加深论证 First (of all) … Second … Third In addition, … There are three reasons why … Furthermore/Moreover/Further Both… and Also… … including Not only … but also… … coupled with 例：The richness of city life, coupled with the array of opportunities and ease of mobility, make living in the city a better option for me.
　　五、 总结 In conclusion… Finally … To sum up… In brief… On the whole… As has been said… 例：On the whole, some may argue that one can feel closer to as well as appreciate nature living in the countryside.
　　六、 重申论点 To repeat Namely… That is to say… In other words… To put it differently
　　七、 表明因果 Consequently… Because (of) Due to Since For this reason Caused by To this end If this occurs, then….
　　八、 表明时间关系 Immediately Then Afterwards As soon as Frequently Once When Oftentimes 例：I was oftentimes bored as a child and had very few friends living nearby to play with.
　　九、 概括 Overall For the most part Generally speaking By and large 例：By and large, this school is one of the best.
　　十、 表明对比或例外 Some may argue that … Although/Even though… In contrast… On the one hand … On the other hand … Rather than… Nevertheless/Nonetheless Neither… nor… Once in a while Occasionally Yet Whereas…
　　十一、 强调 Above all Actually Clearly Indeed Positively Objectively Without a doubt Obviously
　　十二、 给出例子 In addition In the case of Be a good case in point Take … for example Such as For one thing… for another As evidence of The legitimacy of 例：Opponents have questioned the legitimacy of the ruling.
　　十三、 表明目的 In order to For So that So as to
　　十四、 表明相似性 Similarly Likewise As…as Just as… In the same way…
　　十五、 表明倾向 … might be the better option … make/s it a better policy … is true/false … outweigh… … seem/s to offer strong arguments for/against… 注意： 不需要全部都记住，而是在每次练习中用起来，以便形成自己的行文方式和结构，反复练习。毕竟考场只会写一篇作文，固定自己的表达，能有效节约关于框架等问题的思考时间，留取更多时间去做到充分论证和扣题等等。
　　之后，我们来看一篇范文是如何将这些词组都应用起来的，希望同学们也能从中了解其在实际句子中的使用。
　　Some people think that the best place to raise children is in a city. Others think that the best place is in the countryside. Compare these two views. Which view do you agree with? Explain why. As soon as the decision is made to have children, parents debate whether it is better to raise them in the city or in the countryside. Although sometimes a job may dictate where to raise a family, if I had the choice, I’d prefer to raise my children in a city.
　　Objectively, there are some benefits to raising children in the countryside. First, there is less pollution. Second, there are fewer social pressures. As a result, children don’t have to grow up so quickly. On the whole, some may argue that one can feel closer to as well as appreciate nature living in the countryside.
　　On the other hand, there are more benefits to living in a city. City children are exposed to more culture. In addition, there is a greater variety of types of people children can be exposed to, expanding their horizons.
　　Furthermore, living in a city can foster more independence as children can get around by themselves on public transportation and not depend on their parents. Finally, children can live closer to friends and have more opportunities for interaction. I was raised in the countryside, and although I do appreciate the beauty of nature, I was oftentimes bored as a child and had very few friends living nearby to play with.
　　I hope to raise my own children in a city so that they can frequently visit museums and the theater and attend concerts. As far as I’m concerned, the types of people living in the countryside are very similar. In other words, I hope to expose my own children to an array of people: rich and poor, old and young, differing social classes, etc.

　　To sum up, whereas there are some benefits to living in the countryside, namely a healthier environment and fewer temptations, the richness of city life, coupled with the array of opportunities and ease of mobility, make living in the city a better option for me.