托福考试阅读原文及题目分享

　　托福考试在备考的过程中，考生一般都会拿TPO来进行托福考试的练习。因为其涵盖了大量托福考试的题型，能够帮助考生快速了解各类题型，从而更有针对性攻克自己的短板。今天小编为大家整理了托福阅读原文及题目，一起来了解一下吧!
　　Competition
　　When several individuals of the same species or of several different species depend on the same limited resource, a situation may arise that is referred to as competition. The existence of competition has been long known to naturalists; its effects were described by Darwin in considerable detail. Competition among individuals of the same species (intraspecies competition), one of the major mechanisms of natural selection, is the concern of evolutionary biology. Competition among the individuals of different species (interspecies competition) is a major concern of ecology. It is one of the factors controlling the size of competing populations, and in extreme cases it may lead to the extinction of one of the competing species. This was described by Darwin for indigenous New Zealand species of animals and plants, which died out when competing species from Europe were introduced.
　　No serious competition exists when the major needed resource is in superabundant supply, as in most cases of the coexistence of herbivores (plant eaters). Furthermore, most species do not depend entirely on a single resource, if the major resource for a species becomes scarce, the species can usually shift to alternative resources. If more than one species is competing for a scarce resource, the competing species usually switch to different alternative resources. Competition is usually most severe among close relatives with similar demands on the environment. But it may also occur among totally unrelated forms that compete for the same resource, such as seed-eating rodents and ants. The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated when all the animals or all the plants in an ecosystem come into competition, as happened 2 million years ago at the end of Pliocene, when North and South America became joined by the Isthmus of Panama. North and South American species migrating across the Isthmus now came into competition with each other. The result was the extermination of a large fraction of the South American mammals, which were apparently unable to withstand the competition from invading North American species—although added predation was also an important factor.
　　To what extent competition determines the composition of a community and the density of particular species has been the source of considerable controversy. The problem is that competition ordinarily cannot be observed directly but must be inferred from the spread or increase of one species and the concurrent reduction or disappearance of another species. The Russian biologist G. F. Gause performed numerous two-species experiments in the laboratory, in which one of the species became extinct when only a single kind of resource was available. On the basis of these experiments and of field observations, the so-called law of competitive exclusion was formulated, according to which no two species can occupy the same niche. Numerous seeming exceptions to this law have since been found, but they can usually be explained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a major joint resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche.
　　Competition among species is of considerable evolutionary importance. The physical structure of species competing for resources in the same ecological niche tends to gradually evolve in ways that allow them to occupy different niches. Competing species also tend to change their ranges so that their territories no longer overlap. The evolutionary effect of competition on species has been referred to as “species selection”; however, this description is potentially misleading. Only the individuals of a species are subject to the pressures of natural selection. The effect on the well-being and existence of a species is just the result of the effects of selection on all the individuals of the species. Thus species selection is actually a result of individual selection.
　　Competition may occur for any needed resource. In the case of animals it is usually food; in the case of forest plants it may be light; in the case of substrate inhabitants it may be space, as in many shallow-water bottom-dwelling marine organisms. Indeed, it may be for any of the factors, physical as well as biotic, that are essential for organisms. The denser the population, the more severe the competition. Together with predation, it is the most important density-dependent factor in regulating population growth.
　　考试题目：
　　Q1 The phrase ‖mechanisms of natural selection‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to
　　A. types of natural selection. B. dangers of natural selection C. Problems natural selection solves D. ways natural selection works.
　　Q2 According to paragraph 1, what is one effect of competition among individuals of different species?
　　A. It results in the eventual elimination of the resources for which they are competing B. It leads to competition among individuals of the same species C. It encourages new species to immigrate to an area D. It controls the number of individuals in the competing populations
　　Q3 The word ‖indigenous‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to:
　　A. Native B. rare C. Most D. Numerous

　　Q4 In paragraph 1, why does the author mention what happened in New Zealand?
　　A. To indicate that Darwin understood the importance of competition B. To illustrate that competition can lead to the extinction of species C. To identify where the idea of competition among species first arose D. To argue against the idea that the process of selection is a natural occurrence
　　Q5 According to paragraph 2, competition is not usually a significant factor among the coexisting species when
　　A. One of the species has only recently moved into the territory of the other B. The species are closely related to each other C. The population of one species is much larger than that of the other D. Both of the species are herbivores
　　Q6 The word ―graphically‖ in the passage is closest in meaning to
　　A. Vividly B. Frequently C. Broadly D. Typically
　　Q7 In the paragraph 2, why does the author talk about what happened as a result of North and South America becoming joined at the Isthmus of Panama
　　A. To make the point that predation can have as much effect on species survival as competition does. B. To show how the ability to switch to an alternative resource can give species a competitive advantage. C. To account for the current species composition of North and South America. D. To provide an example of the serious effects of competition between unrelated species.
　　Q8 Paragraph 3 supports the idea that Gause’s experiments were important because they
　　A. Provide a situation in which competition could be removed from the interaction between two species. B. Showed that previous ideas about the extent to which competition determines the composition of a community were completely mistaken C. Help establish that competition will remove all but one species from any given ecological niche. D. Offered evidence that competition between species is minimal when these is an overabundance of a single food source.
　　Q9 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
　　A. Apparent exceptions to this law usually involve cases in which two species compete for the same major resource but occupy slightly different niches. B. Although it may appear two species always have different niches, many exceptions show that species compete with each other. C. Cases in which two species not only for a shared resource but also occupy similar niches are considered exceptions to this law. D. Cases in which the two species do not occupy the same niche yet still compete for the same resource are believed to exceptions to this law.
　　Q10 According to paragraph 4, how does competition affect evolution?
　　A. It results in the evolution of physical structures that allow the species to compete with each other more effectively B. It results in the evolutionary extinction of all but one of the competing species. C. It results in the competing species evolving in such a way that they no longer compete for the same resources. D. It results in the competing species evolving to become so much like each other that the competition between them eventually of disappears.