分享SSAT考试关于美国的一些历史性战争的短文

　　众所皆知，SSAT暨美国中考，文章话题体裁多样，涉及历史，天文，生物，人文，文学等。其中历史类的阅读中的内容包括美国的一些历史性战争、一些女权事件等等。今天就让小编来给大家分享美国的一些历史性战争。
　　For example：
　　Independent War(American Revolution)关键词： George Washington, colonial American, The Declaration ofIndependence
　　Civil War: Abraham Lincoln, assassinate, Confederates,union, slavery system, Emancipation Proclamation
　　World War I
　　World War II
　　Cold War : Soviet union VS United States Communism VS Capitalism, altruism
　　Korea War,Vietnam War, Iraq War
　　如果考生们已经对美国战争史有了一个基本的了解，并且能够熟练掌握解题技巧时，就会很快发现，下面这篇关于南北战争和的文章，很容易完成！
　　一.Abraham Lincoln and Civil War
　　Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated in March of 1861 as thesixteenth President of the United States.
　　During 1861, southern states were trying to secedefrom the union of the United States(有题问这是什么意思，应该选politicalseparation from…)and form their own country. Lincoln, though against theseparation, made clear in his inaugural address that he held no malice towardthe South: "There need be no blood-shed or violence, and there shall benone unless it be forced upon the national authority. The power confided to mewill be used to hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging tothe government, and to collect the duties and imposts(有题问imposts的意思，选taxes); but beyond what may be necessaryfor these objects, there will be no invasion, no using of force against oramong the people anywhere." On April 12th, 1861, the Confederates openedfire on Fort Sumter in Charleston, and the Civil War began. Two years later, onJanuary 1st, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation(有题问下面那个词与它意思接近，选liberty/liberation那个) Proclamation, a declaration that stated that "allslaves in States or parts of States then in rebellion" were free. On April9th, 1865, General Lee surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox, ending thewar.
　　On April 14th, 1865 at Ford's Theatre in Washington,D.C., Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes-Booth. He died on April 15th fromthe wound. Though he never authored any books, Lincoln's Gettysburg Address,given on November 19th, 1863, is one of the best-known speeches of any decade."Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on thiscontinent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the propositionthat all men are created equal.
　　这三道题其实都是关于前后逻辑关系的
　　1.During 1861, southern states were trying to secedefrom the union of the United States and form their own country. Lincoln,though against the separation
　　“and” 前后表并列关系，应选选项应与“form their owncountry”意思一致，并且后一句的“against the separation “ 更加确定了应选“political separation from”
　　2.to collect the duties and imposts
　　同样根据 “and” 前后表示并列关系， imposts 与 duties应该是同义，而collect duties应表示征税，“duty” 有责任，关税。答案为”taxes”
　　3.Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, adeclaration that stated that "all slaves in States or parts of States thenin rebellion" were free.
　　Emancipation Proclamation后面逗号后紧跟解释，关键词“free”, 因此选“liberty”
　　是不是感觉很简单呢？如果答案是NO, 考生们，是不是应该去了解一下美国的基本历史了？着眼于上一篇文章题材，我们首先回顾一下美国的南北战争。
　　二.The American Civil War(1861-1865)
　　The American Civil War (1861-1865) , often referred to simply as The Civil War in the UnitedStates, was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response tothe election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southernslave states declared their secession from the United States and formed theConfederate States of America ("the Confederacy"); the other 25states supported the federal government ("the union"). After fouryears of warfare, mostly within the Southern states, the Confederacy surrenderedand slavery was outlawed everywhere in the nation. Issues that led to war werepartially resolved in the Reconstruction Era that followed, though othersremained unresolved.
　　In the presidential election of 1860, the RepublicanParty, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campaigned against expanding slavery beyondthe states in which it already existed. The Republicans strongly advocatednationalism, and in their 1860 platform they denounced threats of disunion asavowals of treason. After a Republican victory, but before the newadministration took office on March 4, 1861, seven cotton states declared theirsecession and joined to form the Confederate States of America. Both theoutgoing administration of President James Buchanan and the incomingadministration rejected the legality of secession, considering it rebellion.The other eight slave states rejected calls for secession at this point. Nocountry in the world recognized the Confederacy.
　　Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederateforces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina.Lincoln responded by calling for a volunteer army from each state to recapturefederal property, which led to declarations of secession by four more slavestates. Both sides raised armies as the union seized control of the borderstates early in the war and established a naval blockade. Land warfare in theEast was inconclusive in 1861–62, as the Confederacy beat back union efforts tocapture its capital, Richmond, Virginia, notably during the Peninsular Campaign.In September 1862, the Confederate campaign in Maryland ended in defeat at theBattle of Antietam, which dissuaded the British from intervening. Days afterthat battle, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made endingslavery a war goal.

　　In 1863, Confederate general Robert E. Lee's northwardadvance ended in defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg. To the west, the union gained control of the Mississippi River after the Battle of Shiloh and Siege ofVicksburg, splitting the Confederacy in two and destroying much of theirwestern army. Due to his western successes, Ulysses S. Grant was given commandof the eastern army in 1864, and organized the armies of William TecumsehSherman, Philip Sheridan and others to attack the Confederacy from alldirections, increasing the North's advantage in manpower. Grant restructuredthe union army, and put other generals in command of divisions of the army thatwere to support his push into Virginia. He fought several battles of attritionagainst Lee through the Overland Campaign to seize Richmond, though in the faceof fierce resistance he altered his plans and led the Siege of Petersburg whichnearly finished off the rest of Lee's army. Meanwhile, Sherman captured Atlantaand marched to the sea, destroying Confederate infrastructure along the way.When the Confederate attempt to defend Petersburg failed, the Confederate armyretreated but was pursued and defeated, which resulted in Lee's surrender toGrant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.
　　The American Civil War was one of the earliest trueindustrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and mass-producedweapons were employed extensively. The practices of total war, developed bySherman in Georgia, and of trench warfare around Petersburg foreshadowed WorldWar I in Europe. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting inthe deaths of 620,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civiliancasualties. Historian John Huddleston estimates the death toll at ten percentof all Northern males 20–45 years old, and 30 percent of all Southern whitemales aged 18–40.Victory for the North meant the end of the Confederacy and ofslavery in the United States, and strengthened the role of the federalgovernment. The social, political, economic and racial issues of the wardecisively shaped the reconstruction era that lasted to 1877.
　　美国南北战争(1861-1865)，通常被称为在美国南北战争，是一场在美利坚合众国进行的内战。在亚伯拉罕·作为美国总统的中，来自美国的11个南部蓄奴州宣布他们的，并形成了美国南部邦联(“邦联”)，其他25个州支持联邦(“联盟”)。经过4年的战争，大多是在南方各州，联邦投降，并在全国各地奴隶制被取缔。导致战争的问题，部分解决重建中的时代之后，虽然仍然没有得到解决。
　　在1860年的总统中，共和党在亚伯拉罕·的带领下反对将奴隶制扩大到已经存在的洲之外。共和党力提倡民族，在1860年的政纲中，他们谴责不团结的威胁，称之为叛国的誓言。在共和党获胜后，但在新于1861年3月4日上台之前，七个棉花州宣布脱离联邦，并加入组成了美国联邦。即将卸任的总统詹姆斯·布坎南（James Buchanan）和即将上任的下届都拒绝承认的合法性，认为这是叛乱。其他8个奴隶州则拒绝了此时要求的呼声。世界上没有一个国家承认南方联盟。
　　1861年4月12日，南卡罗莱纳州萨姆特堡的一个美军设施遭到南部联邦军队的袭击，敌对行动开始。作出回应，要求各州派遣一支志愿军夺回联邦财产，结果又有四个奴隶洲宣布脱离联邦。在战争初期，随着联邦夺取了边境国家的控制权并建立了海上封锁，双方都提高了军队。1861年至1862年，东部的土地战争没有结果，因为南方联盟击退了北方联盟并努力攻占其首都弗吉尼亚州、里士满，特别是在半岛战役期间。1862年9月，南方联盟在马里兰州的战役以安提坦战役的失败告终，这场战役阻止了英国的干预。在那场战争之后的几天，发表了《解放宣言》，将结束奴隶制作为战争目标。
　　1863年，邦联将军罗伯特·E·李向北前进，在葛底斯堡战役中以失败告终。在西面，在希洛战役和维克斯堡围攻之后，联邦控制了密西西比河，将联邦一分为二，并摧毁了他们西部的大部分军队。由于尤利西斯·S·格兰特在西方的成功，他于1864年被授予东部军队的指挥权，并组织威廉·特库姆塞·谢尔曼、菲利普·谢里丹等军队从四面八方进攻邦联，增加了北方的人力优势。格兰特重组了联邦军队，并让其他将军掌管军队的各个师支持他进军弗吉尼亚州。他通过陆路攻占里士满的战役，与李明博进行了几次消耗战，尽管面对激烈的抵抗，他改变了计划，领导了对彼得堡的围攻，几乎消灭了李明博的其他军队。与此同时，谢尔曼攻占亚特兰大，并向大海进军，一路上摧毁了邦联的基础设施，当南部邦联企图保卫彼得堡失败时，邦联的军队撤退了，但被追击和击败，导致李明博于1865年4月9日在阿波马托克斯向格兰特投降。
　　美国内战是早的真正的工业战争之一。铁路、电报、轮船和大规模生产的武器被广泛使用。由乔治亚州的谢尔曼发展起来的全面战争和彼得堡周围的战壕战争的实践预示着欧洲的一、次世界大战。这仍然是美国历史上伤亡惨重的战争，造成62万士兵死亡，平民伤亡人数不明。历史学家约翰·哈德斯顿估计，20-45岁的北方男性死亡人数占总死亡人数的10%，18-40岁的南方白人男性死亡人数占总死亡人数的30%。这场战争的社会、政治、经济和种族问题决定性地塑造了持续到1877年的重建时代。