做托福阅读应该掌握的技巧分析

　　我知道有很多托福阅读老师都在和学生强调做题时读全文的重要性，并且很嫌弃先阅读题目然后从题干和选项里选关键词去文章里找出题句的做法，认为这种方法即low而且不快，甚至还会导致学生对文章没有全局性的把握。
　　我觉得，持这种看法的老师们在指导学生的时候，更多的是基于自己的阅读经验来教学生。因为大部分的阅读老师们语言功底都不差，让他们通读一遍文章并不是啥难事儿。但是，如果一个学生的阅读还未达到25分，让他做题前先通读全篇或者通读全段，有时真的是勉为其难。如一个段落简单时，还能勉强应付，但遇到一个段落超过5句话，每句话至少3行时，他们根本没可能快速地领会该段所有的信息。对于这些阅读能力还不太高的学生来说，认真地研读题目，精准地找到出题句再慢慢地研究，不出现粗心的错误，少读一些与本题无关的文章内容，选出好的答案，这才是更现实、更靠谱的做题方式。
　　本文会选取几个不同难度的题目，向大家分析、展示如何利用题目的信息，在很短的时间内找到出题句并选出答案。
　　例1:
　　1.Whatcan be inferred from paragraph 1 about Giovanni Battista Della Porta's contribution to the camera obscura? （TPO44-2）
　　A.He translated a Chinese description of the use of the camera obscura and made the technique available to artists.
　　B.His convex lens made the projected image easier to trace.
　　C.His version of the camera obscura allowed for the later addition of a mirror.
　　D.His improvements relied heavily on design changes proposed earlier by Leonardo
　　Da Vinci.
　　Theprecursor of the modern camera, the camera obscura is a darkened enclosure into which light is admitted through a lens in a small hole. The image of the illuminated area outside the enclosure is thrown upside down as if by magiconto a surface in the darkened enclosure. This technique was known as long ago as the fifth century B.C. in China. Aristotle also experimented with it in the fourth century B.C., and Leonardo da Vinci described it in his notebooks in 1490. In 1558 Giovanni Battista Della Porta wrote in his twenty-volume work Magia naturalis (meaning "natural magic") instructions for adding a convex lens to improve the quality of the image thrown against a canvas or panel in the darkened area where its outlines could be traced. Later, portable camera obscuras were developed, with interior mirrors and drawing tables on which the artist could trace the image. For the artist, this technique allows forms and linear perspective to be drawnprecisely as they would be seen from a single viewpoint. Mirrors were also used to reverse the projected images to their original positions.
　　思路：
　　这道题的题干有一个人名：Giovanni Battista Della Porta。人名的首字母大写，拼写方式比较独特，且无法进行同义改写。所以就选它当定位词，快速搜索该段，很快就能找到出题句了。找到以后，要需要认真的分析下出题句意思，答案就能选出来。出题句大意是：GBDP在他的书里写到，要加一个凸透镜（concex lens），就可以提升在投射到帆布上的画面中的暗的部分的质量了，在暗的部分，图像的轮廓得以被定位到。所以GBDP的贡献就是通过添加convex lens使得被投射到画布的图像更容易被定位，本题选B
　　例2:
　　Whichof the following can be inferred about monarch caterpillars from paragraph 3? (TPO38-3)
　　A.They often cause damage to corn crops.
　　B.They are the only species that is immune to Bt toxin.
　　C.They are considered beneficial insects.
　　D.Their reactions to Bt pollen have not yet been studied.
　　Onthe negative side, opponents of transgenic crops suggest that there are many questions that need to be answered before transgenic crops are grown on a largescale. One question deals with the effects that Bt plants have on nontarget organisms such as beneficial insects, worms, and birds that consume the genetically engineered crop. For example, monarch caterpillars feeding on milkweed plants near Bt cornfields will eat some corn pollen that has fallen on the milkweed leaves.Laboratory studies indicate that caterpillars can die from eating Bt pollen. However, field tests indicate that Bt corn is not likely to harm monarchs. Furthermore, the application of pesticides (the alternative to growing Btplants) has been demonstrated to cause widespread harm to nontarget insects.
　　思路：
　　本题题干问的是关于monarch caterpillars可以推断出什么？关键词就只能选monarch caterpillars了，好在这个词拼写比较复杂，所以混在一群单词里还相对容易找，而且它是一种昆虫的名字，不会被同义替换。找到关键词所在的句子后，先翻译下这句话：比如说，吃那些Bt玉米地附近的milkweed的 monarch caterpillars（毛毛虫）会吃一些掉在milkweed叶子上的玉米花粉。这个句子里的信息和四个选项都没有什么关系。这时，你要注意本句里的代词和连词，这些部分会隐含一些该出题句前面的信息，它们极有可能是出题点。本句里就有一个连词：For example, 它的意思想必没人不认识，但你们看到它之后会下意识的去分析这个“for example”涉及的关系么？比如，这里提到的例子指的是什么？例子是为谁而举呢？如果不想这些问题的话，就算你知道这个短语的意思，又有什么用呢！在本句中，例子很明显就是这个虫子：monarch caterpillars。想要知道它是谁的例子，就要看前文。可以肯定的是，monarch caterpillars是某类昆虫的例子。而前一句里还真有一个和昆虫有关的概念：beneficialinsects。所以，monarch caterpillars就是一种beneficial insects。据此就可以选出正确答案了。本题的困难之处并不是找出题句麻烦，难点是你会不会分析关键词所在的句子中里的指代词和连词涉及的前指内容，这些内容是学生们特别容易忽视的。
　　例3:
　　Paragraph2 answers which of the following questions about paintings by Vermeer? （TPO44-2）
　　A.What characteristics of Vermeer’s paintings suggestthat he may have used a camera obscura?
　　B.Why did Vermeer produce only about 30 paintings?
　　C.Do Vermeer's paintings in general suggest that he was unable to paint accurately without using a camera obscura?

　　D.Why did Vermeer need to draw an image on the canvas of the painting that was X-rayed if he was using a camera obscura?
　　Did some of thegreat masters of painting, then, trace their images using a camera obscura? Some art historians are now looking for clues of artists' use of such devices. One of the artists whose paintings are being analyzed from this point of viewis the great Dutch master, Jan Vermeer, who lived from 1632 to 1675 during the flowering of art and science in the Netherlands, including the science ofoptics. Vermeer produced only about 30 known paintings, including his famous The Art of Painting. The room shown in it closely resembles the room in other Vermeer paintings, with lighting coming from a window on the left, the same roof beams, and similar floor tiles, suggesting that the room was fitted with a camera obscura on the side in the foreground. The map hung on the opposite wall was a real map in Vermeer's possession, reproduced in such faithful detail that some kind oftracery is suspected. When one of Vermeer’s paintings was X-rayed, it did not have any preliminary sketches on thecanvas beneath the paint, but rather the complete image drawn in black andwhite without any trial sketches. Vermeer did not have any students, did not keep any records, and did not encourage anyone to visit his studio, facts that can be interpreted as protecting his secret use of a camera obscura.
　　思路：
　　这题问四个选项中的问题，哪个问题被回答了？得先看看4个选项哪些信息容易定位。所谓容易定位的信息肯定是在一段英文里和其他单词反差大的，比如说带数字的、带特殊符号的或者是有大写字母的。这四个选项里，比较容易找的信息就是B选项的30和D选项的X-ray。下一步就是先用它们找找文章里哪些句子有它们。
　　找到以后，就可以翻译了。30所在的句子说：V只画了30幅油画，例如他那幅著名的“ The Art of Painting”。B选项的问题是为什么V只做了30幅画？我们找到的出题句显然没有回答这个问题，这时就可以排除B了。再来看X-ray所在的那句，该句大意：当V的一幅油画被X光扫描后，这幅画的油墨下面并没有预先绘好的草图。D选项问题说为什么V为啥要在那幅被x光扫描过的画里画一个图案？这个问题显然也无法用我们找到的出题句回答啊，所以也被排除。排除完B、D，就剩A，C了。A里面能用来定位的信息只有suggest used camera obscura了。先看哪些地方有camera obscura，找到这个词，再看这句里是否包含“暗示了使用camera obscura的证据”。注意，既然是找单词，就得从首行找，不要漏掉任何可能是出题句的信息。宁可找到一句话后发现该句不符合选项要求，再找下一处。不能嫌麻烦，因为毕竟不是整段里每一句都要认真分析，这种挑一部分句子来读的方法已经很节省时间了。camera obscura首次出现在本段首行，但首句说L：是不是有些使用了camera obscura？并没有回答A的问题。接下来，就得再用 camera obscura找一次。这次找到的是段落中间的这句话：The room shown in it closely resembles the room in other Vermeer paintings, with lighting coming from a window on the left, the same roof beams, and similar floor tiles, suggesting that the room was fitted with a camera obscura on the side in the foreground.。该句说：这幅画里出现的房间很像Vermeer其他油画里的房间，阳光都是从左边进来的，屋顶的大梁一样，地板砖也差不多，这暗示了这个房子前侧方放了一个暗箱。好了，这句就可以回答A选项的问题了。此题的难点是在找到正确答案之前，需要先排除好几个选项，这会需要花一点时间去分析，很多人可能经受不住排除的过程，选择放弃。